Our simulation results can be used as reference values for further investigations. A representative reference osteogenic index distribution heatmap generated from data of 26 TD children’s femurs showed a ring shape with low values in the center region and high values at the border of the growth plate. The highest osteogenic index (OI) was observed in the posterior region in 62% of the TD femurs while in children with CP the lateral region was the most common (50%). Intra-subject variability in growth plate stresses was higher in cerebral palsy than in typically developing children. Additionally, we investigated the influence of the musculoskeletal model and the chosen material properties on the simulation results. The aim of this study was to develop a semi-automated toolbox to perform this workflow and to quantify intra-subject variability in growth plate stresses in 13 typically developing (TD) children and 12 children with cerebral palsy (CP). Personalizing the model in this workflow is time-consuming and therefore previous studies included small sample sizes (N < 4) or generic finite element models. A multi-scale workflow based on musculoskeletal simulations and mechanobiological finite element (FE) analysis can be used to estimate growth plate loading and femoral growth trends. Little is known about the influence of mechanical loading on growth plate stresses and femoral growth. These findings suggest a highly plastic, trait-specific and functionally relevant structural response of CWCs to current flow and underscore the importance of multiple concurrent sources of hydrodynamic forcing on CWC growth. Unlike volume compactness, surface complexity is similarly variable within a single colony as it is between colonies within the same habitat or between habitats and is therefore perhaps more dependent than volume compactness on microenvironmental conditions. Conversely, we observe no clear disparity in coral surface complexity between habitats (despite its positive correlation with volume compactness), suggesting it is not affected by current speed. We show that corals are generally more compact in the fjord habitat, reflecting the prevailing higher current speeds, although differences in volume compactness between fjord and offshore corals are more subtle when comparing the fjord with the more exposed side of the offshore setting, probably due to locally intensified currents. We find substantial architectural variability both between and within habitats. Here, we attempt to infer the influence of current flow on CWC framework architecture, using 3D scanning to quantify colony shape traits (volume compactness and surface complexity) in the reef-building CWC Desmophyllum pertusum from adjacent fjord and offshore habitats with contrasting flow regimes. However, little is known of how environmental factors shape coral structure in deep and dark waters, where cold-water coral (CWC) reefs thrive. Elucidating coral structural responses to the environment is therefore crucial to understand changes in these ecosystems. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of habitat-forming corals has profound impacts on reef ecosystem processes. With this approach, we provide a reproducible method that facilitates the collection of large volumes of data across many individuals, opening up new avenues for data-driven models of animal behaviour. We present pilot data from three sample flights: a pursuit flight, in which a hawk intercepts a moving target, and two obstacle avoidance flights. In contrast with previous approaches, our method allows us to consider different camera models and alternative gaze strategies for the purposes of hypothesis testing, allows us to consider visual input over the complete visual field of the bird, and is not limited by the technical specifications and performance of a head-mounted camera light enough to attach to a bird’s head in flight. Combining motion capture data from Harris’ hawks with a hybrid 3D model of the environment, we render RGB images, semantic maps, depth information and optic flow outputs that characterise the visual experience of the bird in flight. In this paper, we present a novel method that uses computer vision tools to analyse the role of active vision in bird flight, and demonstrate its use to answer behavioural questions. A better understanding of the role played by vision during these manoeuvres is not only relevant within the field of animal behaviour, but could also have applications for autonomous drones. Birds of prey rely on vision to execute flight manoeuvres that are key to their survival, such as intercepting fast-moving targets or navigating through clutter.
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